What it is
Propolis is the resin bees collect from tree buds and use to seal the hive. In the pharmacy it is found mainly in throat and mouth sprays, lozenges and gels, almost always as a food supplement or medical device rather than a medicine: it has no European traditional-use monograph.
Its composition varies a great deal with the region and the trees it comes from, and the clinical evidence is scarce. What is well documented is something else: it is a common contact allergen. That is the most useful thing to say at the counter.
How it works
What is known:
- It contains flavonoids and phenolic acids with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity in the laboratory
- Its composition depends on its source, so two products can be very different
- In people, the evidence of efficacy is limited and of low quality
At the counter
When to recommend it
- Mild sore throat in adults with no known allergies
- Minor mouth irritation, as a complement
- People who have used it before without reactions
- With the clear expectation that the evidence is limited
When not to
- Allergy to bee stings, pollen or other hive products
- A history of contact dermatitis or eczema, especially around the mouth
- Asthma, without checking
- Severe sore throat with high fever, white patches or difficulty swallowing
Warnings
- Important It is a common contact allergen: it can cause dermatitis, swelling of the lips and mouth, or more severe reactions.
- Important Avoid in people allergic to hive products or pollen, and take care with asthma.
- Caution Not recommended in young children, pregnancy or breastfeeding, for lack of data.
- Caution A severe sore throat with high fever or white patches needs assessment.
- Worth knowing Composition varies by origin: two products may behave differently.
How it is used
- As a spray or lozenge for mild throat or mouth complaints, according to the product.
- Before first use, ask about allergies to hive products and previous dermatitis.
- If itching, swelling or sores appear in the mouth or on the lips, stop it.
- A sore throat lasting more than a week, or with a high fever, needs a consultation.
Propolis vs a sore-throat medicine
| Aspect | Propolis | Anaesthetic or antiseptic lozenge |
|---|---|---|
| Regulation | Supplement or medical device | Medicine |
| Evidence of relief | Limited | Greater |
| Composition | Varies by origin | Fixed |
| Allergy risk | Significant | Low, depending on the active ingredient |
| Leaflet with contraindications | Not always | Yes |
Propolis is an option for people who prefer it and have no allergies; for relief with evidence behind it, a medicine is better.
Self-assessment
Three questions. When you check your answers you will see the explanation for each one.
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Its efficacy is poorly demonstrated; its allergenic potential, by contrast, is well documented.
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People allergic to hive products or pollen are more likely to react.
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It is not "the product working": it is an allergic reaction. Stop it.
Training content. It does not replace the summary of product characteristics or clinical judgement.